If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead

 

 "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day.  But there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, full of sores, who was laid at his gate, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table.  Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores.  So it was that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels to Abraham's bosom.  

 

"The rich man also died and was buried.  And being in torments in Hades, he lifted up his eyes and saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.  Then he cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.'  But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things; but now he is comforted and you are tormented.  And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.'  

 

"Then he said, 'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.'  Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'  And he said, 'No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'  But he said to him, 'If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.'"

 

- Luke 16:19–31 

 

On Saturday, we read that Jesus taught, "He who is faithful in what is least is faithful also in much; and he who is unjust in what is least is unjust also in much.  Therefore if you have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches?  And if you have not been faithful in what is another man's, who will give you what is your own?  No servant can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other.  You cannot serve God and mammon."  Now the Pharisees, who were lovers of money, also heard all these things, and they derided Him.  And He said to them, "You are those who justify yourselves before men, but God knows your hearts.  For what is highly esteemed among men is an abomination in the sight of God.  The law and the prophets were until John.  Since that time the kingdom of God has been preached, and everyone is pressing into it.  And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one tittle of the law to fail.  Whoever divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery; and whoever marries her who is divorced from her husband commits adultery." 

 "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day.  But there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, full of sores, who was laid at his gate, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table.  Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores.  So it was that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels to Abraham's bosom."  Abraham's bosom means heaven, my study Bible tells us.  It notes that Abraham is mentioned among all the righteous because, in stark contrast to the rich man, Abraham showed hospitality to strangers (Genesis 18:1-8).   Jesus tells us that the rich man . . . was buried.  In patristic literature this image is seen as illustrating the state of his merciless soul, buried by the pleasures of the flesh.  My study Bible cites St. John Chrysostom as teaching that this man was already buried in life by "couches, rugs, furnishings, sweet oils, perfumes, large quantities of wine, varieties of food, and flatterers."  That the rich man remains unnamed indicates that he is ultimately forgotten, my study Bible says (see Psalm 9:6).  

"The rich man also died and was buried.  And being in torments in Hades, he lifted up his eyes and saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.  Then he cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.'  But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things; but now he is comforted and you are tormented.  And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.' "  This rich man's appeal to Abraham as a spiritual father is not rejected, my study Bible notes, Rather, it says, Abraham accepts this role.  He calls the rich man son and shows himself to be compassionate even towards the most wretched of people.  The great gulf isn't a geographical divide, but rather it's the complete separation between virtue and wickedness, a separation that cannot be overcome after death.  Also, my study Bible asks us to note that torments have not changed the rich man's heart, as he still sees Lazarus as a servant who exists for the sake of his own comfort.  Moreover, Christ's account in this story is a revelation of the communion of the saints, for here a man who is not even a believer calls out from Hades and speaks with Saint Abraham.

 

 "Then he said, 'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.'  Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'  And he said, 'No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'  But he said to him, 'If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.'"   My study Bible comments that some patristic sources see this parable being set after the final judgment, citing the punishment and reward received by the two men respectively.  But others see the parable as being set at a time after death, but before the second coming of Christ.  This is evidenced by the man interceding on behalf of his brothers who are still living.  The torment the rich man experiences would be then only a foretaste of his final state.  From that perspective, we learn that the souls of the departed have awareness of and concern for the state of those still alive on earth (see Luke 9:30-31; Matthew 2:18; 2 Maccabees 15:12-16).  However, my study Bible notes also that the intercessions of a wicked man are heard, but avail nothing (contrast James 5:16).  

Clearly, in the context of all of our recent readings, Jesus is telling this parable -- particularly to the Pharisees, whom we were told in Saturday's reading were "lovers of money" -- to illustrate that what we share of our worldly goods with the poor becomes treasure in the heavens (Luke 12:33), or more particularly it allows us to "make friends" for ourselves who "may receive us into an everlasting home" (see Friday's reading).  But the communication between the parties involved, especially after they have passed from life in our world, is really what is intriguing me today.  Christ illustrates His point about the importance of life beyond this world -- and how much we take it into consideration -- by making it clear that life doesn't end when we think it does, but we go on in another state, and what we do or do not do in this world has something to do with where we wind up, and what that life will be like for us.  In a very secular-oriented world, we're not conditioned to think about that very much.  Once upon a time, it was common practice to consider the end of our lives, that we will all pass from this world.  But a modern mindset does not want to admit of disability, deterioration, infirmity, or death, as if we can find ways to avert these things.   But Jesus' repeated emphasis on charity emphasizes the importance of what our lives will be after we pass from our worldly lives.  Perhaps all of us would be better off if this were the message we take to heart, and begin to consider that life isn't simply over when we pass from this world, but rather continues with new circumstances and under new conditions, which depend upon how we've lived our lives as well.   Christ's emphasis on compassion here stresses that those of us who fail to practice compassion will not be able to realize or receive God's compassion extended to us -- another way to understand the practice of mercy.  "For judgment is without mercy to the one who has shown no mercy. Mercy triumphs over judgment" (James 2:13).  Perhaps Christ's repeated stress on charity can also be understood in terms of the practice of forgiveness.  As we've discussed in the past couple of readings and commentary, Jesus' teachings on forgiveness are linked to debt, as in the Lord's Prayer, in which we consider forgiveness as a kind of wiping away a debt, considering it paid.  He teaches us to pray, "And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors" and after giving the prayer, adds, "For if you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. But if you do not forgive men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses" (see Matthew 6:12-15).  The communion of saints shown in the communication after the rich man's death gives us a sense also of that life that continues under new conditions and circumstances, a sense in which the rich man's place is diminished so that he is now one of less importance and very limited agency, and in which Lazarus has become of higher stature.  This is a picture of the weight or substance that Christ has pronounced on both of them, how God sees these two people, also a consequence of their lives.  The final pronouncement of Abraham is very important, because what that does is give us a type of end to mercy, an understanding that it is, in some sense, limited, for God has exhausted the efforts possible to reach the unrepentant:  "If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead."  At some point, a closed mind creates that limit, in which one is no longer reachable, and this we must also take to heart.  It's interesting that the rich man at least pleads for his brothers, teaching us that he does care for someone.  But it emphasizes Christ's point about the practice of mercy:  "For if you love those who love you, what reward have you? Do not even the tax collectors do the same?" (Matthew 5:46).  Even the rich man's concern for the brothers of his earthly father's house doesn't weigh much in the outcome of his life in this place of his torment.   Let us weigh these matters carefully, and consider how our orientation to our own lives and what we count as important play out according to these teachings.  

 

 

Return to your own house, and tell what great things God has done for you

 

 Then they sailed to the country of the Gadarenes, which is opposite Galilee.  And when He stepped out on the land, there met Him a certain man from the city who had demons for a long time.  And he wore no clothes, nor did he live in a house but in the tombs.  When he saw Jesus, he cried out, fell down before Him, and with a loud voice said, "What have I to do with You, Jesus, Son of the Most High God?  I beg You, do not torment me!"  For He had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man.  For it had often seized him, and he was kept under guard, bound with chains and shackles; and he broke the bonds and was driven by the demon into the wilderness.  Jesus asked him, saying, "What is your name?"  And he said, "Legion," because many demons had entered him.  And they begged Him that He would not command them to go out into the abyss.  

 

Now a herd of many swine was feeding there on the mountain.  So they begged Him that He would permit them to enter them.  And He permitted them.  Then the demons went out of the man and entered the swine, and the herd ran violently down the steep place into the lake and drowned.  

 

When those who fed them saw what had happened, they fled and told it in the city and in the country.  Then they went out to see what had happened, and came to Jesus, and found the man from whom the demons had departed, sitting at the feet of Jesus, clothed and in his right mind.  And they were afraid.  They also who had seen it told them by what means he who had been demon-possessed was healed.  Then the whole multitude of the surrounding region of the Gadarenes asked Him to depart from them, for they were seized with great fear.  And He got into the boat and returned.  Now the man from whom the demons had departed begged Him that he might be with Him.  But Jesus sent him away, saying, "Return to your own house, and tell what great things God has done for you."  And he went his way and proclaimed throughout the whole city what great things Jesus had done for him.

 

- Luke 8:26–39 

 

On Saturday, we read that Jesus taught, "No one, when he has lit a lamp, covers it with a vessel or puts it under a bed, but sets it on a lampstand, that those who enter may see the light.  For nothing is secret that will not be revealed, nor anything hidden that will not be known and come to light.  Therefore take heed how you hear.  For whoever has, to him more will be given; and whoever does not have, even what he seems to have will be taken from him."  Then His mother and brothers came to Him, and could not approach Him because of the crowd.  And it was told Him by some, who said, "Your mother and Your brothers are standing outside, desiring to see You."  But He answered and said to them, "My mother and My brothers are these who hear the word of God and do it."  Now it happened, on a certain day, that He got into a boat with His disciples.  And He said to them, "Let us cross over to the other side of the lake."  And they launched out.  But as they sailed He fell asleep.  And a windstorm came down on the lake, and they were filling with water, and were in jeopardy.  And they came to Him and awoke Him, saying, "Master, master, we are perishing!"  Then He arose and rebuked the wind and the raging of the water.  And they ceased, and there was a calm.  But He said to them, "Where is your faith?"  And they were afraid, and marveled, saying to one another, "Who can this be?  For He commands even the winds and water, and they obey Him!"

 

  Then they sailed to the country of the Gadarenes, which is opposite Galilee.  And when He stepped out on the land, there met Him a certain man from the city who had demons for a long time.  And he wore no clothes, nor did he live in a house but in the tombs.  When he saw Jesus, he cried out, fell down before Him, and with a loud voice said, "What have I to do with You, Jesus, Son of the Most High God?  I beg You, do not torment me!"  For He had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man.  For it had often seized him, and he was kept under guard, bound with chains and shackles; and he broke the bonds and was driven by the demon into the wilderness.  Jesus asked him, saying, "What is your name?"  And he said, "Legion," because many demons had entered him.  And they begged Him that He would not command them to go out into the abyss.  My study Bible comments that these demons recognize Jesus as the Son of the Most High God.  Notice that the demons speak through the man, saying, "I beg You, do not torment me!" when clearly this man, occupied by a legion of demons, is tormented by them himself.  A Roman legion consisted of over 5,000 men divided into ten cohorts, so we can imagine what this name "Legion" meant at the time the Gospels were written -- at a time when the Roman Empire had expanded to its largest extent.  The text describes the man's torment under this legion of demons:  it had often seized him, and he was kept under guard, bound with chains and shackles; and he broke the bonds and was driven by the demon into the wilderness.   His life is in such a miserable isolated state that he wore no clothes and lived among the dead in the tombs.  

Now a herd of many swine was feeding there on the mountain.  So they begged Him that He would permit them to enter them.  And He permitted them.  Then the demons went out of the man and entered the swine, and the herd ran violently down the steep place into the lake and drowned.  My study Bible comments that, although the malice of these demons is great, they can do nothing against the will of God.  Therefore, they can only enter the herd of many swine if Christ permitted them.  The immediate destruction of these swine, my study Bible says, shows that the man had been protected by God's care.  Otherwise, he would have perished under the demonic influence.  Additionally, it reinforces that swineherding was not lawful for the Jews -- plus it shows the incomparable vale of human beings, whose salvation is worth every sacrifice.  There are those who say that the presence of the swine indicates a Gentile population.  But, my study Bible comments, since our Lord forbade His disciples to go to the Gentiles (Matthew 10:5) and was Himself reluctant to seek out the Gentiles (Matthew 15:24), it's likely that these were Jews engaged in a sinful occupation.  

 

When those who fed them saw what had happened, they fled and told it in the city and in the country.  Then they went out to see what had happened, and came to Jesus, and found the man from whom the demons had departed, sitting at the feet of Jesus, clothed and in his right mind.  And they were afraid.  They also who had seen it told them by what means he who had been demon-possessed was healed.  Then the whole multitude of the surrounding region of the Gadarenes asked Him to depart from them, for they were seized with great fear.  And He got into the boat and returned.  Now the man from whom the demons had departed begged Him that he might be with Him.  But Jesus sent him away, saying, "Return to your own house, and tell what great things God has done for you."  And he went his way and proclaimed throughout the whole city what great things Jesus had done for him.    My study Bible comments that the magnitude of the economic loss of the herd of swine would remain as a sign for the hard-hearted people who fled the region.  Their response is simply to treat Jesus with great fear, clearly caring more for their economic loss rather than the marvelous healing of this man who had suffered so extremely.  Note that although this man has no community among these people who simply want to banish Jesus, Christ Himself appoints a place for him, and a good mission:  "Return to your own house, and tell what great things God has done for you."  And so he did.

Lately I have been reading a lot and pondering quite a bit over the idea of giving thanks.  How important is gratitude in our lives?  Some say that the whole of our well-being depends upon how able we are to give thanks, or not.  How do we experience gratitude, and what are we grateful for?  Is it possible that without his horrible "occupation" by a legion of demons, this man never would have known Christ?  It's very strange indeed how Christ comes straight across the Sea of Galilee, and through a very frightening storm of wind and waves in which the disciples thought they were perishing, to come to this one man.  What loneliness it must have been, living among the tombs, unable even to wear clothes, and tormented night and day by a legion of demons!  It is almost a metaphorical image of a child subject to terrible abuse, the isolation and torment that he would have survived.  Certainly the "hard-hearted" (as my study Bible describes them) people around him cared little that he was cured, finding the man from whom the demons had departed, sitting at the feet of Jesus, clothed and in his right mind.   They had no use for him, but the swine were their livelihood (likely Jews selling to a Gentile market in this region of mixed populations), and that's what they cared about.   So this man is saved, but wants to go on with Jesus, because there is seemingly no tie for him here where people do not care for his life and salvation.  It seems they were happier when he lived among the dead and with the daily terrible punishment and torment of the demons.  But Jesus finds a place for him, an honored place -- he becomes a kind of evangelist under Christ's direction.  This is the saving nature of Christ's command, which brings this man beyond the lack of mercy of such people, and under Christ's authority,  "Return to your own house, and tell what great things God has done for you."  So he does:  and he went his way and proclaimed throughout the whole city what great things Jesus had done for him.   A good mission, a good identity, under the saving yoke of Christ, who is gentle and lowly in heart.  Indeed, we may presume that sooner or later, he will come under the care of the Church to come, and remain a disciple.  Surely we can imagine the gratitude this man feels to Christ, who singled him out enough to come across the sea to save him.  But what of his early life experiences?  Perhaps to find this singular place in the Gospels, a man who had demons for a long time, and who survived to tell of the great things Jesus had done for him, the first from his region to proclaim this good news, experienced a tragic beginning.  For some of us who have survived harmful things, this may be the best story of all, and with the best outcome -- the truth of Christ's saving redemption from the callous to a life of dedication and mission and belonging, to the unique identity only He can give.  

 

If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead

 

 "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day.  But there was a certain beggar named Lazarus full of sores, who was laid at his gate, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table.  Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores.  So it was that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels to Abraham's bosom.  The rich man also died and was buried.  And being in torments in Hades, he lifted up his eyes and saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.  

 

"Then he cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.'  But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things; but now he is comforted and you are tormented.  And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.'  

 

"Then he said, 'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.' Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'  And he said, 'No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'  But he said to him, 'If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.'"

 

- Luke 16:19-31 

 

In yesterday's reading, Jesus taught:  "He who is faithful in what is least is faithful also in much; and he who is unjust in what is least is unjust also in much.  Therefore if you have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches?  And if you have not been faithful in what is another man's, who will give you what is your own?  No servant can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other.  You cannot serve God and mammon." Now the Pharisees, who were lovers of money, also heard all these things, and they derided Him.  And He said to them, "You are those who justify yourselves before men, but God knows your hearts.  For what is highly esteemed among men is an abomination in the sight of God.  The law and the prophets were until John.  Since that time the kingdom of God has been preached, and everyone is pressing into it.  And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one tittle of the law to fail.  Whoever divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery; and whoever marries her who is divorced from her husband commits adultery." 

 "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day.  But there was a certain beggar named Lazarus full of sores, who was laid at his gate, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table.  Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores.  So it was that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels to Abraham's bosom.  The rich man also died and was buried.  And being in torments in Hades, he lifted up his eyes and saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom."  In today's reading, Jesus gives a new parable, that of the Rich Man and Lazarus.  My study Bible explains here that Abraham's bosom means heaven.   It says that Abraham is mentioned among all the righteous because, in stark contrast to the rich man, Abraham showed hospitality to strangers (Genesis 18:1-8).  That the rich man . . . was buried is seen in patristic commentary as illustrating the state of his merciless soul, buried by the pleasures of the flesh.  My study Bible quotes St. John Chrysostom, who comments that this rich man was already buried in life by "couches, furnishings, sweet oils, perfumes, large quantities of wine, varieties of food, and flatterers."  Note also that the one we know only as the "rich man" remains unnamed -- indicating that he is ultimately forgotten (see Psalm 9:6).  

 

 "Then he cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.'  But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things; but now he is comforted and you are tormented.  And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.' "  My study Bible comments that the rich man's appeal to Abraham as a spiritual father is not rejected.  Instead, we should note that Abraham accepts this role.  He calls the rich man son and shows himself to be compassionate even towards the most wretched of men.  The great gulf, my study Bible explains, is not a geographical divide, but the complete separation between virtue and wickedness, a separation that cannot be overcome after death.   It asks us to note that torments have not changed the rich man's heart:  he still sees Lazarus as a servant existing for the sake of his own comfort.  Finally, this parable by Christ reveals the communion of the saints, in that a man, not even a believer, calls out from Hades and converses with Saint Abraham.

"Then he said, 'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.' Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'  And he said, 'No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'  But he said to him, 'If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.'"  My study Bible comments that some Fathers see this parable being set after the final judgment, citing the punishment and reward being received by the two men respectively.  Others see this parable as set at a time after death but before the second coming of Christ, as is shown by the man interceding on behalf of his brothers who are still living.  The torment he is experiencing, my study Bible notes, would be but a foretaste of his final state.  From this perspective, we learn that the souls of the departed have awareness of and concern for the state of those still alive on earth (see Luke 9:30-31; 2 Maccabees 15:12-16; Matthew 2:18), but also that the intercessions of a wicked man are heard, but avail nothing (contrast James 5:16).  Regarding this final verse, my study Bible quotes St. John Chrysostom:  "The ignorance of Scripture is a great cliff and a deep abyss.  It is impossible for anyone to be without benefit if he reads continually and with attention."  Moreover, my study Bible adds, the rebellious were not persuaded even when people did rise from the dead (Matthew 28:11-15; John 12:9-11).  

If we read the parable not as delineating for us a physical place, but rather a spiritual location, one in which we find ourselves as a result of disregarding the essential importance of faith, we might see more clearly what hell and torments are all about.  If this is the state of the soul; that is, the state of our life once life in this world is behind us, then what we're reading about is the soul in conditions which are more closely experiencing the energies of God.  The fiery torment of hell, in this light, is the closer proximity to the same fire of the Burning Bush (Exodus 3), out of which the Lord spoke to Moses, or the pillar of fire that illumined the way in the darkness for Israel (Exodus 13:20-22).  By resisting and rejecting God -- which is expressed in this parable quite clearly in its final verses -- we alienate ourselves to this energy, and so experience it as torment.  Seen in this way, the parable also speaks to us of the powerful force and spiritual tool that is repentance:  the desire to change one's mind, and orient the soul in a new direction.  The parable illustrates for us, then, that repentance is a way to place ourselves more closely in alignment with those energies of God, of the Holy Spirit at work in the world, and so to experience God's grace as that in which we participate and are welcome, not as chafing torment.  Repentance, in this sense, offer us a compatibility with the things of God, as opposed to alienation.  When we're afraid of change, afraid to repent, we are really afraid of setting aside our old values and goals, and finding instead the ones which God would give us.  Jesus speaks often throughout the Gospels of the hold that sin and "mammon" can have upon us.  "Most assuredly, I say to you, whoever commits sin is a slave of sin" He says, whereas, "If you abide in My word, you are My disciples indeed. And you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free" ( see John 8:31-34).  In this parable, Jesus gives us the spiritual truth in a picture of the soul and its relationship -- or broken relationship -- with God.  It is a kind of warning to us about the preciousness of the time that we have in this world, for as we read between the lines, so to speak, we see that in a place where time ceases to have the meaning it does in our worldly life, repentance becomes even more difficult and our spiritual distance from God a more impenetrable gulf.  In addition to these intriguing topics that the parable brings to us, we should not forget that Jesus gives the parable in the context of His recent teachings, and especially yesterday's reading (above), in which He taught that one cannot serve God and mammon.  What we (and my study Bible) observe about this rich man's behavior toward Lazarus is that it still embodies a type of "transactional" way of thinking -- and one in which Lazarus is viewed as a type of commodity, a servant to use.   The wealthy man does not really repent; he does not come to see Lazarus as a person to whom he's done harm in his neglect.  Instead he seeks to use Lazarus as an instrument to send a warning to his brothers.  The final answer here is clear, that there have been many servants sent into the world to warn and to teach.  The repeated calls of the prophets have already been sent out into the world.  And now the One who speaks will be raised from the dead, the Suffering Servant who will go to the Cross in a saving message for the whole world -- and this will be enough.  Let us pay attention and trust His word.

What have we to do with You, Jesus, You Son of God? Have You come here to torment us before the time?

 When He had come to the other side, to the country of the Gergesenes, there met Him two demon-possessed men, coming out of the tombs, exceedingly fierce, so that no one could pass that way.  And suddenly they cried out, saying, "What have we to do with You, Jesus, You Son of God?  Have You come here to torment us before the time?"  Now a good way off from them there was a herd of many swine feeding.  So the demons begged Him, saying, "If You cast us out, permit us to go away into the herd of swine."  And He said to them, "Go."  So when they had come out, they went into the herd of swine.  And suddenly the whole herd of swine ran violently down the steep place into the sea, and perished in the water.  Then those who kept them fled; and they went away into the city and told everything, including what had happened to the demon-possessed men.  And behold, the whole city came out to meet Jesus.  And when they saw Him, they begged Him to depart from their region.

- Matthew 8:28-34

Yesterday we read that when Jesus saw great multitudes about Him, He gave a command to depart to the other side.  Then a certain scribe came and said to Him, "Teacher, I will follow You wherever You go."  And Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes and birds of the air have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay His head."  Then another of His disciples said to Him, "Lord, let me first go and bury my father."  But Jesus said to him, "Follow Me, and let the dead bury their own dead."  Now when He got into a boat, His disciples followed Him.  And suddenly a great tempest arose on the sea, so that the boat was covered with the waves.  But He was asleep.  Then His disciples came to Him and awoke Him, saying, "Lord, save us!  We are perishing!"  But He said to them, "Why are you fearful, O you of little faith?"  Then He arose and rebuked the winds and the sea, and there was a great calm.  So the men marveled, saying, "Who can this be, that even the winds and the sea obey Him?"

When He had come to the other side, to the country of the Gergesenes, there met Him two demon-possessed men, coming out of the tombs, exceedingly fierce, so that no one could pass that way.  And suddenly they cried out, saying, "What have we to do with You, Jesus, You Son of God?  Have You come here to torment us before the time?"  Now a good way off from them there was a herd of many swine feeding.  So the demons begged Him, saying, "If You cast us out, permit us to go away into the herd of swine."  And He said to them, "Go."  So when they had come out, they went into the herd of swine.  And suddenly the whole herd of swine ran violently down the steep place into the sea, and perished in the water.  Then those who kept them fled; and they went away into the city and told everything, including what had happened to the demon-possessed men.  And behold, the whole city came out to meet Jesus.  And when they saw Him, they begged Him to depart from their region.  My study bible comments on the demons in today's reading.  It says that they recognize Jesus as the Son of God, and are surprised that their power is being terminated before the time of the last judgment.  Although the malice of the demons is evident, they still can do nothing against the will of God, and therefore can only enter the swine at the command of Christ.  The immediate destruction of the herd of swine, my study bible says, shows that the men had been protected by God's care.  Otherwise, they would have perished under this clearly destructive demonic influence.  Moreover, it's a reinforcement of the unlawful practice of swineherding for the Jews, and it also shows the incomparable value of human beings, for whom salvation is worth every sacrifice. 

It's interesting to think of the protection of these men, although they were demon-possessed.  Clearly the demons are destructive, and they lead the swine to mass suicide.  So what of these men?  Why does God allow evil in the world, and yet the men were protected?  I don't pretend to have the answers to all of the questions raised by such a scenario, for many theologians and philosophers -- geniuses all -- have provided us with various answers.  I can't even pretend to know or understand them all.  But we have been taught to stick with what we know or have experienced, and so I may say that it is my belief that very deeply within us there are choices that are made.  Sometimes, perhaps even often, those choices are made without our conscious knowledge.  We might wonder how we can claim a freedom to choose when we aren't even conscious of rational reasoning about those choices.  Nevertheless, I think it's true that we make choices from such deep places within ourselves that we're not entirely aware of them, and those choices do tell us something about ourselves.  Our deepest impulses of the heart are, importantly, clearly known to God.  This is why it is so significant that Christ is known as the "heart-knower" (see Acts 1:24).  There are things deep within ourselves of which we are not aware, but Christ is aware.  These demonic forces have chosen for destruction of human beings.  Why?  That is another question I could not venture to answer.  I simply know that it is so.  But one thing is clear from the Bible and the Gospels in particular:  that our world is not "fixed" simply because Christ has come into it.  Oh perhaps in an absolute sense this is true, that salvation is already full in a place we cannot access.  But the time when that occurs is "the time" of Judgment, Christ's return, to which the demons allude when they ask if He has "come here to torment us before the time."  Where we are now in time, we human beings live with both evil and good, and we are in the midst of time making choices.  Jesus teaches us, in the Sermon on the Mount:  "You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I say to you, love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who spitefully use you and persecute you, that you may be sons of your Father in heaven; for He makes His sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust" (Matthew 5:43-45).  To my mind it is a clear acknowledgement of the evil and the good existing at once together in this world.  That would include even the demonic influences we see at work in today's reading.  So given this state of the world, one might conclude that it's simple to think why that might be.  We are called to choose the good.  But choosing the good is not so simple.  Christ Himself makes that clear in the teaching just cited from the Sermon on the Mount.  We're not called upon to respond to evil with evil; that does not build up Christ's Kingdom in the world.  We are called instead to "withdraw" into Christ's love and protection, and to follow Him.  This is the way that we build the Kingdom in the world.  It is the way that we live a prayerful life with each decision and step.  It is the sense in which we may start to understand the mysteries He opens to us, that He came into the world to reveal and to draw us into.  And that protective power of God, even to cast off demons, is with Him and in Him and in the life into which He invites us to participate.  It doesn't come with conventional understanding nor conventional weapons.  It comes through the saints, through the Church as a whole, and by doing our best to keep His word, to love God as God loves us.  Let us start there and find our places, even as Jesus calls these demon-possessed men to wholeness as well.  Let us note in the text that those raising swine are most likely meant to be apostate Jews who do not follow the Mosaic Law.  They reject Jesus through fear, and do not embrace what He offers with love.  In that is also a story of how we choose and reveal what is most important to us - and that we cannot embrace both God and mammon, and what Jesus calls the deceitfulness of riches.

If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead

 "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day.  But there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, full of sores, who was laid at his gate, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table.  Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores.  So it was that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels to Abraham's bosom.  The rich man also died and was buried.  And being in torments in Hades, he lifted up his eyes and saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.  Then he cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.'  But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things; but now he is comforted and you are tormented.  And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.'  Then he said, 'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.'  Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'  And he said, 'No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'  But he said to him, 'If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.' "

 - Luke 16:19-31

Yesterday, we read that Jesus taught, "He who is faithful in what is least is faithful also in much; and he who is unjust in what is least is unjust also in much.  Therefore if you have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches?   And if you have not been faithful in what is another man's, who will give you what is your own?  No servant can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other.  You cannot serve God and mammon."  Now the Pharisees, who were lovers of money, also heard all these things, and they derided Him.  And He said to them, "You are those who justify yourselves before men, but God knows your hearts.  For what is highly esteemed among men is an abomination in the sight of God.  The law and the prophets were until John.  Since that time the kingdom of God has been preached, and everyone is pressing into it.  And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one tittle of the law to fail.  Whoever divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery; and whoever marries her who is divorced from her husband commits adultery." 

 "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day.  But there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, full of sores, who was laid at his gate, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table. Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores."    We remember that in this sequence of parables taught by Jesus, He's responding to criticism from the Pharisees and scribes that He eats and spends time in the company of sinners.  Jesus first taught the parables of the Lost Sheep and the Lost Coin in response, expressing the joy of God and the angels in heaven at the return of one sinner.  Next He told the brilliant parable of the Prodigal Son, not only expressing the "Father's joy" at the return of the son who was lost to him, but also examining the resentment of the elder son who had never strayed.  To His disciples He taught the parable of the Unjust Steward, who was able to "make friends" through forgiveness by unrighteous mammon and thus please his master by settling.  In yesterday's reading, above, He taught what it was to be truly righteous, and that there is no circumstance in which the choice between what pleases God, and what seems to be in favor of "mammon" or whatever one treasures in this world, is always "on" -- the righteousness of God (and the Law) applies at all times.   So the Pharisees receive from Jesus a teaching about righteousness that, in fact, surpasses their own.  Now in these final verses of chapter 16, Jesus gives this parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus.   We note the image of the poor beggar who hopes even for crumbs from the rich man's table, echoing the words of the righteous Syrophoenician woman, who used a similar expression in pleading with Christ.  She spoke of the "little dogs" under the table, but here it is the large dogs of the street who lick the sores of poor Lazarus, a fate as undistinguished and perhaps horrific as possible in this Middle Eastern setting.

"So it was that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels to Abraham's bosom.  The rich man also died and was buried."  My study bible tells us that Abraham's bosom means heaven.  Abraham is included here among the righteous because he's in stark contrast to the rich man.  Abraham showed hospitality to strangers in Genesis 18:1-8.   According to commentary of the Fathers, that the rich man  . . . was buried is an illustration of the mercilessness of his soul, buried by the pleasures of the flesh.  John Chrysostom has commented that he was already buried by his life of "couches, rugs, furnishings, sweet oils, perfumes, large quantities of wine, varieties of foods, and flatterers."  That the rich man is unnamed means that he is ultimately forgotten (Psalm 9:6).

"Then he cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.'  But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things; but now he is comforted and you are tormented.  And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.' "  My study bible suggests that the rich man's appeal to Abraham as spiritual father isn't rejected; instead, Abraham accepts this role and calls the rich man son, showing himself to be compassionate even towards the most wretched of men.     A notes says, "The great gulf is not a geographical divide, but the complete separation between virtue and wickedness, a separation that cannot be overcome after death.  Note that torments have not changed the rich man's heart, as he still sees Lazarus as a servant existing for the sake of his own comfort."   And what we really need to see taught to us in this parable is the thorough and present reality of the communion of saints.  A man, not even a believer, calls out from Hades and converses with Saint Abraham!  Neither time nor space, nor even the differences between them separates Abraham from communication with the rich man.

"Then he said, 'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.'  Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'  And he said, 'No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'  But he said to him, 'If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.' "    My study bible tells us that some Church Fathers see this parable as being set after the final judgment, as punishment and reward are received by the two men simultaneously.  Others see it as being set after death but before Christ's second coming, since the man intercedes on behalf of his still living brothers.  My study bible says that the torment the rich man is experiencing is a foretaste of his final state.  From the perspective disclosed in this parable, we learn that souls of the departed have awareness of and concern for the state of those still alive in the world (see Luke 9:30-31, 2 Maccabees 15:12-16; Matthew 2:18).  But it also indicates that the intercessions the wicked are heard but avail nothing (contrast this to the "prayer of a righteous mam" in James 5:16).

It's interesting to think about what this parable teaches us about Judgment.  Whatever we might construe about it, the things my study bible tells us about communion of the saints (and communication with those who weren't exactly "saints"), the timeless and spaceless nature of the afterlife (the rich man freely communicates with Abraham across whatever gulf divides them and also regardless of when both lived in the world), and the "torment" of someone who failed to think seriously about righteousness in his lifetime (or possibly afterward as well, as my study bible pointed out), somehow all have to make an impression upon us to think about.  Let's remember Jesus was addressing not only disciples but also His critics among the Pharisees and scribes, and particularly making a point about righteousness even when dealing with "unrighteous mammon" (the things the world treasures).  Apparently this rich man spent all his time indulging himself without the slightest thought to caring about what went on outside of his doors.  He neither seemed to listen to Scriptures nor pay much mind to anything but himself and his life.  Now, we have to ask ourselves what "torment" means when someone is in a place where the common understanding of limitations of time and space don't apply.  Surely this isn't about bodily torment.  He's tormented in a "flame."  But once again, as we've done before in commentary, we have to examine what a "flame" can mean.  Flames aren't always negative things in Scripture; in fact, far from it.  A flame represents the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (in the tongues of fire), and God appeared to Moses in the burning bush (when Moses was told the name I AM WHO I AM).  What we can conclude from this is that where God is so fully present, God's righteous energy is tormenting to those who resist, who cannot behold and live with that flame, and that this, somehow, is the great gulf between those who love God and those who don't.  My study bible importantly points out that this man still seems not to have repented or changed his heart; he just cares about "his own" (his brothers) and wants to send them a warning.  But as Abraham replies, they have Moses and the prophets, and even if one rose the dead to warn them, they still wouldn't pay attention.  It teaches us about "hardheartedness," and what it is to not have "ears to hear."  To we who know of of His Resurrection, this one that may rise from the dead is understood as Christ.    That parable, in this context, works as a warning about being "choked by the cares and things of the world" as in the parable of the Sower.  It's not about shame or guilt but rather about our own complacency and a form of self-righteousness that isn't aware of the need to grow in this world, that our lives here are for something more than just self-satisfaction, that we are meant to become "like Him" as best we can, and most importantly, that like Moses and the righteous who've come before us, we want to be prepared to stand before that fire, on holy ground, to the best of our ability.  Let us consider the things we put off, what we shut our inner "ears" to, where our real treasure is.  Time, in this world, is precious.  Let's invite the flame into our lives to teach us, shape us, and help us grow to awareness of holiness.

If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead

 "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day.  But there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, full of sores, who was laid at his gate, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table.  Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores.  So it was that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels to Abraham's bosom.  The rich man also died and was buried.  And being in torments in Hades, he lifted up his eyes and saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.  Then he cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.'  But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things, but now he is comforted and you are tormented.  And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.'  Then he said, 'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.'  Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'  And he said, 'No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'  But he said to them, 'If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.'"

- Luke 16:19-31

In yesterday's reading, Jesus taught, "He who is faithful in what is least is faithful also in much; and he who is unjust in what is least is unjust also in much.  Therefore if you have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches?  And if you have not been faithful in what is another man's, who will give you what is your own?  No servant can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other.  You cannot serve God and mammon."  Now the Pharisees, who were lovers of money, also heard all these things, and they derided Him.  And He said to them, "You are those who justify yourselves before men, but God knows your hearts.  For what is highly esteemed among men is an abomination in the sight of God.  The law and the prophets were until John.  Since that time the kingdom of God has been preached, and everyone is pressing into it.  And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one tittle of the law to fail.  Whoever divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery; and whoever marries her who is divorced from her husband commits adultery."

  "There was a certain rich man who was clothed in purple and fine linen and fared sumptuously every day.  But there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, full of sores, who was laid at his gate, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table.  Moreover the dogs came and licked his sores.  So it was that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels to Abraham's bosom.  The rich man also died and was buried."  My study bible tells us that "Abraham's bosom" means heaven.  We note the difference between the two men, the rich man and Lazarus.  Lazarus is ultimately even more greatly humiliated by the dogs licking his sores.

"And being in torments in Hades, he lifted up his eyes and saw Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.  Then he cried and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.'  But Abraham said, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things, but now he is comforted and you are tormented.'"  My study bible reminds us that this conversation is not between God and the rich man, but between Abraham and the rich man.  We again note the contrast, only the situation is reversed.  The poor man Lazarus wanted only the crumbs from the wealthy man's table in this world, and the dogs licked his wounds.  Here the wealthy man desires that Lazarus may dip the tip of his finger in water for a drop to cool his tongue, and is tormented by flame.

" 'And besides all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us.' "  My study bible says, "A great gulf between Lazarus and the rich man signifies there is no possibility of transfer between heaven and hell after death.  It should also be noted that neither poverty nor riches, in themselves, gain Lazarus and the rich man their irreversible places.  The rich man goes to hell because of his hardness of heart; Lazarus to heaven because of his faith."  In yesterday's reading, Jesus gave us the contrast between the true riches of the Kingdom and mammon, and the different perspectives they create for us on how we relate to others, depending on what it is we ultimately trust in.  Here, the "great gulf" indicates that while all live side by side in this world, ultimately that will not be the case.   The time is now, the message tells us, for taking care how we relate one to another.

"Then he said, 'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father's house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.'  Abraham said to him, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'  And he said, 'No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'  But he said to them, 'If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.'"  A note reads, "Moses and the prophets, that is, the Old Testament Scriptures which testify to God."

Let us consider this "great gulf" that exists between Lazarus and the rich man after death, and my study bible's note about "transfer."  It's an interesting thing to ponder communication and dialogue.  While we're in the world, as the parable of the wheat and the tares tells us (see Matthew 13:24-30), we're all side by side.  We don't really know the Judgment, this isn't up to us.  But how we communicate with one another, how we relate to one another, becomes for us a matter of choice.  And Jesus' recent teachings (including yesterday's reading) give us the understanding that so much depends on what it is that we trust in, which riches we put our faith in.  Do we value the riches of the Kingdom, which are linked with values like love and care, love for God and trust in God, or do we value a material perspective, trust in material wealth (the mammon in yesterday's reading)?  This is really what it comes down to.  The wealthy man basically trusted in his wealth to care for his life, and didn't care for other "wealth" -- the treasures of the kingdom -- to trust in, like, for example, how he treated Lazarus who was right outside his door.  When the time comes and we move on into "another place" to put it a certain way, then the implication is that there won't be a capability for going back and changing these relationships or doing them over again;  what we've failed to build up in the world we'll lack in the next somehow -- or at least the opportunity for healing particular relationships just won't be the same.  We will be living different lives than the ones we live in the here and now.  We don't really know all that entails, but elsewhere in the Gospels we're given hints of this change, such as Jesus' teaching on marriage in the afterlife, given in answer to a question about a woman who was married to seven brothers.  Jesus taught:  "The sons of this age marry and are given in marriage.  But those who are counted worthy to attain that age, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry nor are given in marriage; nor can they die anymore, for they are equal to the angels and are sons of God, being sons of the resurrection.  But even Moses showed in the burning bush passage that the dead are raised, when he called the Lord 'the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.'  For He is not the God of the dead but of the living, for all live to Him."  Therefore we learn of changed conditions; eternal life is implied here, and a different life in which marriage as a social institution is not the same -- and especially the notion of women's role in marriage at that time.  (In yesterday's reading, Jesus gave the teaching against divorce, reflecting a different value system for relationship than one of possession.)  So, in addition to these hints, the story of Lazarus and the rich man enforces an understanding of the gulf between those who attain one place, and those who fail to do so.  Whatever way we think of it, it is certain that the life to come, the age to come, is one in which all is changed; our circumstances are changed and it becomes the values of the Kingdom which rule our lives, one way or the other depending on how we have embraced such treasure, where we've placed our faith.  Jesus, through this parable, is emphasizing what He taught in yesterday's reading:   "You cannot serve God and mammon  . . . what is highly esteemed among men is an abomination in the sight of God."  The great gulf is in this teaching; let us remember how we apply His values and how we are to live.  The question, answered in Luke's Gospel in a unique way, in the parable of the Good Samaritan, begs to be asked, "Who is my neighbor?"

My name is Legion; for we are many

Then they came to the other side of the sea, to the country of the Gadarenes. And when He had come out of the boat, immediately there met Him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, who had his dwelling among the tombs; and no one could bind him, not even with chains, because he had often been bound with shackles and chains. And the chains had been pulled apart by him, and the shackles broken in pieces; neither could anyone tame him. And always, night and day, he was in the mountains and in the tombs, crying out and cutting himself with stones. When he saw Jesus from afar, he ran and worshiped Him. And he cried out with a loud voice and said, "What have I to do with You, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I implore You by God that you do not torment me." For He said to him, "Come out of the man, unclean spirit!" Then He asked him, "What is your name?" And he answered, saying, "My name is Legion; for we are many." Also he begged Him earnestly that He would not send them out of the country. Now a large herd of swine was feeding there near the mountains. So all the demons begged Him, saying, "Send us to the swine, that we may enter them." And at once Jesus gave them permission. Then the unclean spirits went out and entered the swine (there were about two thousand), and the herd ran violently down the steep place into the sea, and drowned in the sea.

So those who fed the swine fled, and they told it in the city and in the country. And they went out to see what it was that had happened. Then they came to Jesus, and saw the one who had been demon-possessed and had the legion, sitting and clothed in his right mind. And they were afraid. And those who saw it told them how it happened to him who had been demon-possessed, and about the swine. Then they began to plead with Him to depart from their region. And when He got into the boat, he who had been demon-possessed begged Him that he might be with Him. However, Jesus did not permit him, but said to him, "Go home to your friends, and tell them what great things the Lord has done for you, and how He has had compassion on you." And he departed and began to proclaim in Decapolis all that Jesus had done for him; and all marveled.

- Mark 5:1-20

In yesterday's reading, the disciples were crossing over the Sea of Galilee, while Jesus slept in the same boat from which He had preached during the day. Other small boats followed them. But a storm came up, so great that the waves washed into the boat ,and it was filling. Seasoned fishermen became very afraid, and woke Jesus up, saying, "Teacher, do You not care that we are perishing?" Jesus stood up and rebuked the storm so that the sea calmed, and asked the disciples, "Why are you so fearful? How is it that you have no faith?" The disciples were even more awed by what Jesus had done, and asked, "Who can this be, that even the wind and the sea obey Him!"

Then they came to the other side of the sea, to the country of the Gadarenes. They land on the other side of the Sea of Galilee, in Gentile territory.

And when He had come out of the boat, immediately there met Him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, who had his dwelling among the tombs; and no one could bind him, not even with chains, because he had often been bound with shackles and chains. And the chains had been pulled apart by him, and the shackles broken in pieces; neither could anyone tame him. And always, night and day, he was in the mountains and in the tombs, crying out and cutting himself with stones. What is so lovely about Mark's Gospel is the great contrast between its brevity, and also the number of details we are given. Particularly in today's reading, we take note of the details of the pitiable state of this man's condition: he lives among the tombs, the chains can't bind him and keep him from harming himself -- and "night and day, he was in the mountains and the tombs, crying out and cutting himself with stones." It's a terribly sad and dramatic sight of a person who can't help themselves, whose self-destructive behavior is pitiful to see. And, in addition, he's consigned to this lonely and desolate state, among the tombs!

When he saw Jesus from afar, he ran and worshiped Him. And he cried out with a loud voice and said, "What have I to do with You, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I implore You by God that you do not torment me." For He said to him, "Come out of the man, unclean spirit!" Here is a powerful picture of a man with tremendous conflicting impulses: we note that he immediately falls at Jesus' feet in worship. This is the true heart of the man, who recognizes his healer and savior from his torment. And yet the "unclean" within him is afraid (but being of the spirit world, also recognizes who Jesus is): "What have I to do with You, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I implore You by God that you do not torment me." If we note the language in the Greek, this word for torment was once used to signify specifically the torment of torture or beating under examination. So we are in the realm of the judicial language so often a part of the New Testament: witnessing, testifying, judging. But Jesus as Judge is not a tormenter. We recall the words of 1 John 4:18: "There is no fear in love; but perfect love casts out fear, because fear involves torment. But he who fears has not been made perfect in love." The word for torment in John's Epistle is different, and involves punishment (rather than examination) - but still implying the torment of beating. So we have the great contrast, of the heart of the man responding with faith, with love: and the demons with fear of the torment they expect and understand. And surely what the possessed man has endured with them is endless torment.

And he answered, saying, "My name is Legion; for we are many." Also he begged Him earnestly that He would not send them out of the country. A Legion was approximately 6,000 soldiers. My study bible notes that, "Out of the country perhaps reflects both the wretched man's fear of being compelled to leave his homeland and the demons' fear of being cast out of the man." Perhaps also it may reflect the demons' fear of leaving Gentile territory, and being thrust into a place of the worship of God.

Now a large herd of swine was feeding there near the mountains. So all the demons begged Him, saying, "Send us to the swine, that we may enter them." And at once Jesus gave them permission. Then the unclean spirits went out and entered the swine (there were about two thousand), and the herd ran violently down the steep place into the sea, and drowned in the sea. The swine, of course, are "unclean animals" in the context of Jewish law. Their destruction is immediate and reflects again the tormenting, nihilistic and self-destructive effect of the demons -- and perhaps also the presence of the One who is the fulfillment of the Law.

So those who fed the swine fled, and they told it in the city and in the country. And they went out to see what it was that had happened. Then they came to Jesus, and saw the one who had been demon-possessed and had the legion, sitting and clothed in his right mind. And they were afraid. And those who saw it told them how it happened to him who had been demon-possessed, and about the swine. Then they began to plead with Him to depart from their region. There's another indication here of what "this country" is like, this territory. The people simply beg Jesus to leave: they have lost their swine. This counts much more with them than the healing of the demoniac. Jesus' work is rejected here - which perhaps tells us more about the demons' request not to send them out of the country.

And when He got into the boat, he who had been demon-possessed begged Him that he might be with Him. However, Jesus did not permit him, but said to him, "Go home to your friends, and tell them what great things the Lord has done for you, and how He has had compassion on you." And he departed and began to proclaim in Decapolis all that Jesus had done for him; and all marveled. It's quite another thing to marvel at -- that Jesus simply accepts their rejection and returns to the boat, seemingly (at least as it's reported here) without a word. But the one who worships Him, the healed man, wants to stay and be a disciple, to "be with Him." However, Jesus sends him out on a mission, making him the first evangelist, a witness to testify to the good news. "Go home to your friends, and tell them what great things the Lord has done for you, and how He has had compassion on you." He will go to the Decapolis, a mixed region of ten cities of Greek and Roman influence, founded during the Hellenistic period, but also with Jewish and other Semitic population. So this healed man, once imprisoned in the tombs near the places that swine were kept, will go to the mixed territory, witnessing and declaring what has happened, and perhaps most importantly for this story, proclaiming the love of God.

It's a fine picture we're drawn by Mark in today's reading, of a man filled with such conflicting influences: the demons, who are Legion, who expect the torment and fear they understand. And there is the poor man himself, who responds with worship and faith to the presence of Jesus -- and the compassion and healing he receives. Such is this faith that Jesus sends him out into the Decapolis, to proclaim to others, to witness the great things the Lord has done for him, and the compassion of God. And it is this for which Jesus has come incarnate into the world, to teach us all of the love of God, and God's compassion -- perhaps especially for those enslaved by things they don't understand, who can't help themselves and need God's help to overcome the things that torment them. Let us also understand the conflict in the man, and his true response to Christ and His healing power over the demons. Have you experienced such powerful effects in your life, over things you felt you had no power over, no control? Let us think of the things that bind us and harm us -- and the power of love we call upon and put our faith in. Perhaps there are great things the Lord has done for you as well, and if you know His compassion, you are truly blessed. The reading for today teaches us that to be healed is to truly know God's love; perhaps faith is a continual journey of this deepening experience for each of us. Healing also calls us to witnessing and work as we are called to do: to telling others of the great things the Lord has done for us, and of His compassion.